Para uma melhor experiência, altere seu navegador para CHROME, FIREFOX, OPERA ou Internet Explorer.
• Seja Bem-vindo(a) ao PetroNegócios!

Dicas e Artigos

# washer method

We use the procedure of “Slice, Approximate, Integrate” to develop the shell method The height of our infinitely thin washers is actually quite simple. area of a region between two curves using the definite integral. Step 3: Integrate We apply the procedure of “Slice, Approximate, Integrate” to model physical V= \int _{y=\answer [given]{0}}^{y=\answer [given]{\sqrt {2}}} \answer [given]{\pi \left [(4-y^2)^2-(2)^2\right ]}\d y. Calculus variables can be separated on opposite sides of the equation. We compare infinite series to each other using limits. We discuss the basics of parametric curves. Now, let’s see how this formula works in action by considering an example where we So, $$x=\sqrt{4y}.$$, Now that we know $$x=\sqrt{4y}$$ for any $$(x, \ y)$$ pair that lies on our function, we can use this to say that $$(x, \ y)$$ can instead be written as $$(\sqrt{4y}, \ y)$$. We can approximate sufficiently differentiable functions by polynomials. To illustrate the details, we start with a This is an important difference because adding up the volume of all of these washers will require us to move vertically throughout this figure to get the next washer and add its volume to the total.

distances, so we can compute both by taking y_{top}-y_{bot}. All I will do here is plug these functions into Desmos, but see if you can graph these without the help of a calculator. Calculus help and alternative explainations. slices, so we should integrate with respect to xy Just like when we integrate a 2-D function to find the area under the curve, our slices here are all the same width. $$V= \pi \int_0^1 4 – 4y \ dy$$ $$V= \pi \bigg[ 4y – 2y^2 \bigg]_0^1$$ $$V= \pi \bigg[ \Big( 4(1) – 2(1)^2 \Big) – \Big( 4(0) – 2(0)^2 \Big) \bigg]$$ $$V=\pi(4-2)$$ $$V=2 \pi$$. our hollow cylinder is thus, \Delta V = \pi R^2 \Delta y -\pi r^2 \Delta y=\pi \left (R^2-r^2\right ) \Delta y. This formula is called the washer method, because the area of a washer of inner radius g(x) and outer radius f(x) is . Since we are moving up in the y direction as we imagine the next slice, this can simply be our change in y between the slices. So we need to rewrite $$(x, \ y)$$ just in terms of y. each slice, so. We discuss derivatives of parametrically defined curves. Your email address will not be published. revolution perpendicular to the axis of revolution, and we approximate each slice by a RELATED RATES – Triangle Problem (changing angle), The Best Books to Get You an A+ in Calculus, Linear Approximation (Linearization) and Differentials, LIMIT PROPERTIES – Examples of using the 8 properties, other lessons and problems about integrals. To find this distance we simply need to find the difference between their x-values because they will always have the same y-coordinate. Since we must integrate with respect to x, we will use the result. Therefore, to find the inner radius we need to find the distance between $$\mathbf{(0, \ y)}$$ and $$\mathbf{(\sqrt{4y}, \ y)}$$. $$(0, \ y)$$ is some point on the y-axis. These must be expressed with respect to the variable of coincide with sequences on their common domains. We can slice a solid of revolution perpendicular to the axis of rotation. series. V= \int _{x=\answer [given]{0}}^{x=\answer [given]{2}} \answer [given]{\pi \left [\left (1+\sqrt {x}\right )^2-(1)^2\right ]}\d x. Thus, the integral that expresses the volume of the solid of revolution is. We integrate by substitution with the appropriate trigonometric function. We can use substitution and trigonometric identities to find antiderivatives of certain Following similar logic for the inner radius r gives r = x_{right}-x_{left} = \answer [given]{1-0}. © 2013–2020, The Ohio State University — Ximera team, 100 Math Tower, 231 West 18th Avenue, Columbus OH, 43210–1174. Clearly these two points will have the same y-coordinate. Therefore, $$R=2-0$$ $$R=2.$$. Find the volume obtained by rotating the region bounded by $$y=\frac{1}{4} x^2,$$ $$x=2,$$ and $$y=0$$ about the y-axis. All we need in this case is the power rule for integration. So, $$r= \sqrt{4y} \ – 0$$ $$r= \sqrt{4y}.$$. Previously, I have only shown examples of rotating around a horizontal line. equations. and ask whether or not the series converges when all terms are replaced by their or horizontal. will certainly depend at which y-value they are drawn, but to make the notation Let’s simplify this integral and rearrange the pieces a bit. We can also use the procedure of “Slice, Approximate, Integrate” to set up integrals Vectors are lists of numbers that denote direction and magnitude. Change in y is always represented as dy. If you update to the most recent version of this activity, then your current progress on this activity will be erased. This step is at the heart of these problems. cleaner the rest of the way, we will only write R and r instead of R(y) and r(y). I hope that helps, but if you are still looking for some practice with the washer method go check out my first washer method problem. The result of rotating the slice appears on the solid just as before. The inner radius of a washer will be the distance between the center of the washer and the inner edge.
Each slice has a hole in … This is the distinction between absolute and conditional convergence, Use the Washer Method to set up an integral that gives the volume of the solid of revolution when is revolved about the following line. Alternating series are series whose terms alternate in sign between positive and to compute volumes. Therefore, we need everything just in terms of y without having any x‘s around. Are you sure you want to do this? Built at The Ohio State UniversityOSU with support from NSF Grant DUE-1245433, the Shuttleworth Foundation, the Department of Mathematics, and the Affordable Learning ExchangeALX. We call the slice obtained this way a washer.

If you have trouble accessing this page and need to request an alternate format, contact ximera@math.osu.edu. rotation. You will notice that if we imagine this figure as a stack of washers, the washers would be stacked vertically, one on top of the other. We use the procedure of “Slice, Approximate, Integrate” to develop the washer So we need to find the distance between the points $$(0, \ y)$$ and $$(2, \ y)$$. Remember, the problem said that we will need to rotate the region trapped between these three functions around the y-axis. They meet at (0,0) and (1,1), so the interval of integration is [0,1]. We see from the picture that both R and r are verticalhorizontal of the slice. the inner curve.

For a convergent geometric series or telescoping series, we can find the exact error determined by the requirement that the slices be perpendicular to the axis of There is a powerful convergence test for alternating series. r=0), it is sometimes referred to as a disk. Let R be the region in the xy-plane bounded by y=0, y=\sqrt {x}, and x=2.

absolute values. Since the right half of the parabola is the part that formed the region we’re looking at, we only need the positive square root. We saw that We define a solid of revolution and discuss how to find the volume of one in two There are two ways to establish whether a sequence has a limit. of the solid. We draw and label a picture, making sure to describe all curves by functions of Here, we have explicitly noted that these radii The limits of integration are: a = \answer [given]{0} and b = \answer [given]{2}. Take a look at the smaller washer in the upper left section of our graph. This is different from the first washer method example I did, where the washers were all side by side. method to compute volumes of solids of revolution. Since we know that this point lies on the function $$y=\frac{1}{4}x^2$$ we can use this relationship to find x in terms of y. different ways. The volume of

. y.

We draw a slice of thickness \Delta y at a fixed, but unspecified y-value on the region of Since they have the same y-value, to find the distance between them, we just need to find the distance between their x-coordinates. Since the bottom y-values lie on the axis of rotation y=-1, R= \answer [given]{\sqrt {x}-(-1)} and r= \answer [given]{0-(-1)}. We can find both R and r now the way we always find horizontal distances. Regardless, your record of completion will remain. The only difference is that we now need to find the distance between the point in the center of the washer and the outer edge. $$V= \pi \int_0^1 4 – 4y \ dy$$, Now we’ve gotten through the hard part. To find the volume of the hollow cylinder, In order for it to achieve this, we need to put a function for the volume of each washer that depends on y. In the drawing above, this is shown in the smaller washer off to the side as the distance between the points labeled $$(0, \ y)$$ and $$(x, \ y)$$. We don’t have to worry about each washer, having a different height. Email me at jakesmathlessons@gmail.com or us the form below to submit your name and email and I’ll send you my calculus 1 study guide as a free gift! We introduce the procedure of “Slice, Approximate, Integrate” and use it study the \Delta V = \pi \left [\left (\sqrt {y+4}\right )^2-(1)^2\right ]\Delta y = \pi (y+3)\Delta y. and the approximate total volume using n slices is found by adding up the volumes of There is a nice result for approximating the remainder of convergent alternating the volume of the solid of revolution is given by. The two curves are parabolic in shape. Thus R = x_{right}-x_{left} = \answer [given]{\sqrt {y+4}-0}. The height of each washer will just be how far we always move over before taking another slice.
situations. We can use the procedure of “Slice, Approximate, Integrate” to find the length of If an infinite sum converges, then its terms must tend to zero. This is another step that is mostly helpful for visualization. There is a nice result for approximating the remainder for series that converge by the Remember we also found the inner radius, outer radius, and height of the washers that make up our figure to be $$r=\sqrt{4y},$$ $$R=2,$$ $$h=dy.$$, Putting all of this into an integral along with the fact that this figure goes across all y-values between 0 and 1, give us $$V= \int_0^1 \pi (dy) \bigg( (2)^2 – \Big(\sqrt{4y}\Big)^2 \bigg).$$, Of course, this looks a little strange. No matter what the y-coordinate is, if it lies on $$\mathbf{x=2}$$ we know the x-coordinate must be 2. This will be used to help us find the inner and outer radii of the washers. Visualizing each step required to create the 3-D figure we’re looking for will make things a lot easier when we come up with the function that we need to integrate. We describe numerical and graphical methods for understanding differential We must now find the limits of integration as express the outer radius R and the inner We now label these on the image of the region of rotation. $$(x, \ y)$$ is some point that lies on the function $$y=\frac{1}{4}x^2$$. which we explore in this section. Polar coordinates are coordinates based on an angle and a radius. If you still have any questions, comments, or suggestions I’d love to hear them. The limits of integration are: c = \answer [given]{0} and d = \answer [given]{\sqrt {2}}. The geometry of the base region suggests that it is advantageous to use horizontal You should also check out my other lessons and problems about integrals. All of the graphing and sketching is to help us visualize what is being described so we can correctly formulate our integral. As a result of this, we will be integrating with respect to y! This will help us visualize what we’re dealing with and will make it easier to come up with the function we’ll need to integrate later. But this doesn’t really have any meaning on its own. sums.

V = \int _{x=a}^{x=b} \pi \left (R^2-r^2\right ) \d x. motivating example.